A supercharger (blower) is an air compressor that forces more
air and, thus, more oxygen into the combustion chamber(s) of an internal
combustion engine than achievable with ambient atmospheric pressure (natural
aspiration).
The additional mass of oxygen-containing air that is forced into the engine
improves on its volumetric efficiency which allows it to burn more fuel in a
given cycle�which in turn makes it produce more power. A supercharger can be
powered mechanically by belt, gear and shaft, or chain-drive from the engine's
crankshaft. It can also be driven by a gas turbine powered by the exhaust gases
from the engine. Turbine-driven centrifugal superchargers are correctly referred
to as turbo-superchargers�or more commonly as turbochargers.
supercharged viper
Supercharger Videos
Types of supercharger
There are two main types of supercharger defined according to the method of
compression, positive displacement and dynamic compressors. The former deliver a
fairly constant level of boost regardless of engine speed (RPM), whereas the
latter deliver increasing boost with increasing engine speed.
Positive displacement
Positive displacement pumps deliver a nearly fixed volume of air per revolution
at all speeds (minus leakage which is nearly constant at all speeds for a given
pressure and so its importance decreases at higher speeds). The device divides
the air mechanically into parcels for delivery to the engine, mechanically
moving the air into the engine bit by bit.
Major types of positive displacement pumps include:
* Roots
* Lysholm screw
* Sliding Vane
* Scroll-type supercharger, also known as the G-lader
* Piston as in Bourke engine
* Wankel
Positive displacement pumps are further divided into internal compression and
external compression types.
Roots superchargers are typically external compression only (although high helix
roots blowers attempt to emulate the internal compression of the Lysholm screw).
* External compression refers to pumps which transfer air at ambient pressure
into the engine. If the engine is running under boost conditions, the pressure
in the intake manifold is higher than that coming from the supercharger. That
causes a back flow from the engine into the supercharger until the two reach
equilibrium. It is the back flow which actually compresses the incoming gas.
This is a highly inefficient process and the main factor in the lack of
efficiency of roots superchargers when used at high boost levels. The lower the
boost level the smaller is this loss and roots blowers are very efficient at
moving air at low pressure differentials, which is what they were first invented
for (hence the original term "blower").
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